The NRC and its Agreement States have in place a multi-layered, comprehensive security program to protect these sources. The vast majority of these materials would not be useful in an RDD. The NRC together with its Agreement States, which also regulate radioactive material, administer more than 22,000 licenses of such materials. These radioactive materials are used for such purposes as diagnosing and treating illnesses, sterilizing equipment, and inspecting welding seams. Radioactive materials are routinely used at hospitals, research facilities, industrial and construction sites. Shielding from external exposure and inhaling radioactive material.Maximizing the distance from the source of radiation and.Minimizing the time exposed to radioactive materials.In general, protection from radiation is afforded by:
In other words, the higher the radiation dose, the higher the risk and severity of injury. The health effects of radiation tend to be directly proportional to radiation dose.
The means of exposure – external or internal (absorbed by the skin, inhaled or ingested) and. The distance from the source of radiation to an individual. The type of radiation (gamma, beta, or alpha). The amount of radiation absorbed by the body. The effects of radiation exposure would be determined by: Immediate health effects from exposure to the low radiation levels expected from an RDD would likely be minimal. Subsequent decontamination of the affected area may involve considerable time and expense. Radiation can be readily detected with equipment already carried by many emergency responders. Prompt detection of the type of radioactive material used will greatly assist local authorities in advising the community on protective measures, such as sheltering in place or quickly leaving the immediate area. As radioactive material spreads, it becomes less concentrated and less harmful. Those closest to the RDD would be the most likely to be injured by the explosion. The extent of local contamination would depend on a number of factors, including the size of the explosive, the amount and type of radioactive material used, the means of dispersal, and weather conditions. A dirty bomb is not a "weapon of mass destruction" but a "weapon of mass disruption," where contamination and anxiety are the major objectives. The cloud of radiation from a nuclear bomb could spread thousands of square miles, whereas a dirty bomb’s radiation could be dispersed within a few blocks or miles of the explosion. A nuclear bomb creates an explosion that is millions of times more powerful than a dirty bomb. However, an RDD explosion could create fear and panic, contaminate property and require potentially costly cleanup.Ī dirty bomb is not a nuclear bomb. Most RDDs would not release enough radiation to kill people or cause severe illness – the conventional explosive itself would be more harmful to people than the radioactive material. The terms dirty bomb and RDD are often used interchangeably. 
A "dirty bomb" is a type of "radiological dispersal device" that combines a conventional explosive, such as dynamite, with radioactive material.
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